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Etienne-Jules Marey
One person in particular I think we can learn alot from is E. J. Marey, a French physiologist who worked in the mid-nineteenth century trying to understand and represent movement. This is a chronophotograph of him demonstrating the movement a pole makes as it's shaken.
He invented this kind of photograph, and made lots of these images. He made pictures of everything from the human pulse to birds flying to the flow of the air; it's been said of Marey that his work was as important to the study of movement as the invention of the telescope was to the study of astronomy.